The Primary Goals Of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation

1. What are the primary goals of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV)? Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) is an unconventional pressure controlled mode of ventilation that use inverse ratio strategy. Moreover, APRV based on the principle of open-lung approach, and it is a lung protective strategy mode. Therefore, one of the primary goals of APRV is to decrease the incident of Ventilator-induced lung injuries (VILI). Another purpose of APRV is that APRV aims to recruit the lung as well as to improve oxygenation. To illustrate, APRV creates continuous sequences of positive airway pressure that would significantly increase the mean airway pressure (Paw) which would lead to Lung recruitment and improve oxygenation. Furthermore, APRV helps to decrease the inflation/deflation process which contributes in avoiding alveolar derecruitment. In a similar way, APRV applies pressure to sustain FRC for alveolar recruitment. Finally, APRV helps patient to eliminate CO2 efficiently. On APRV, CO2 is washed during the release phase, and during spontaneous breathi ng as patients on APRV are allowed to breathe spontaneously at any time at the respiratory cycle on APRV. In Summary, The primary goals of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation are to minimize Ventilator-induced lung injuries cases, help to recruit lungs, improve oxygenation, avoid alveolar derecruitment, and eliminate CO2 efficiently. 2. Discuss the different methods of removing CO2 with HFOV. High-frequencyShow MoreRelatedAirway Pressure Release Ventilation ( Aprv )1154 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS APRV? Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a fairly new mode of ventilation, just becoming available in the U.S. in the mid-1990’s. APRV is â€Å"inverse ratio, pressure controlled, intermittent mandatory ventilation with unrestricted spontaneous breathing and it is based on the principle of open lung approach†. (Daoud, Farag, Chatburn, 2012) The open lung approach is â€Å"concept of maximizing and maintaining alveolar recruitment throughout the ventilatory cycle by potentially ventilatingRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Traditional Lecture And Scenario Based Learning For Training Respiratory Therapists1589 Words   |  7 Pagesnew mode of mechanical ventilation, such as Airway Pressure Released Ventilation mode, make its implementation difficult in the real critical world. Adequate staff training time is essential to improve employees knowledge and skills. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of traditional lecture and scenario-based learning for training re spiratory therapists and critical care residents at Rush University Medical Center for the use of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV). Methods: This isRead MoreProtective Ventilation And Lung Transplantation Surgery1602 Words   |  7 PagesProtective Ventilation in Lung Transplantation Surgery Providing anesthesia for lung transplantation (LT) is considered by many to be a major feat in cardiothoracic anesthesia. Some say it involves the most complex manipulation of cardiothoracic physiology, especially when cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is not used. Indications for LT include 4 primary diagnostic groupings of end-stage pulmonary disease: (1) obstructive lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); (2) restrictive lungRead MoreThe Causes Of Premature Neonates2551 Words   |  11 Pagesform of treatment to the respiratory complications in the preterm neonate is the use of ventilator support. Supported ventilation refers to the assisted breathing that is aimed at normalizing arterial blood gas (ABGs) levels and correcting any acid-base imbalance in the neonate. According to DiBlasi, for over 40 years, invasive methods, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation have been the standard methods used to deliver ventilator support in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome.1Read MorePremature Neonates Case Study2517 Words   |  11 Pagesform of treatment to the respiratory complications in the preterm neonate is the use of ventilator support. Supported ventilation refers to the assisted breathing that is a imed at normalizing arterial blood gas (ABGs) levels and correcting any acid-base imbalance in the neonate. According to DiBlasi, for over 40 years, invasive methods, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation have been the standard methods used to deliver ventilator support in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome.1Read MoreChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Copd; Emphysema) Patho6945 Words   |  28 Pagesspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles and does occur in the lung parenchyma in COPD patients (AARC, 2011; Rosdahl Kowalski, 2003). As a result of emphysema there is a significant loss of alveolar attachments, which contributes to peripheral airway collapse. There are two major types of emphysema according to the distribution within the acinus and they are; (i) centrolobular emphysema which involves dilatation and destruction of the respiratory bronchioles; and (ii) panlobular emphysema whichRead MoreSurfactant Replacement Therapy And The Affects On Rds And Other Pulmonary Disorders2631 Words   |  11 Pagesthen is followed by inspirations, followed by a cry showing a successful arrival to this world, but not all deliveries go as planned. There are diseases of the respiratory system. The most common disease is Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). The Primary cause of RDS is the underdevelopment of the premature lungs states Perretta, 2015. RDS is caused by a deficiency and immaturity of alveolar surfactant with the anatomical immaturity of the premature infants lungs. The incidence of RDS increases withRead Mo reNeonatal Respiratory distress syndrome reflective practice Essay5076 Words   |  21 Pageswithin it. The experience raises a number of issues frequently encountered in daily nursing practice. Within this assignment, I will be discussing a particular pre term baby with RDS and critically analyse the use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (NCPAP) and surfactant therapy and possible effects on baby’s outcome. Pseudonyms will be used to maintain patient confidentiality in order to keep in with the nursing and midwifery council code of conduct. (NMC 2004)The model of reflection usedRead MoreCommunity Acquired Pneumonia18251 Words   |  74 Pageswhich are basis for evaluation. 4. Evaluate the client’s responses towards the interventions. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The results of this case study are intended to give benefit to the following people concerned: To the patient, who is the primary recipient of care, that through appropriate nursing interventions with the aid of his family, he would be able to cope up to the effects of his condition. This study will give appropriate knowledge on how will be the preparation and management inRead MoreNursing Process Paper2695 Words   |  11 Pagesdescription of the client’s condition at the time of my care including medicines and other physician ordered interventions and explanation of reason each was instituted. Three nursing diagnoses will be identified for this client, each with measurable client goals, interdisciplinary interventions, and patient outcomes. This paper will also provide a comprehensive description of the client’s illness on the individual, family and society, economically, socially, spiritually, emotionally, and the effects on family

Essay about The Trial of Galileo - 598 Words

The Trial of Galileo The trial of Galileo is an important event in the history of science. We now know, the Roman Catholic church now recognizes, that Galileos view was correct. What were the arguments on both sides of the issue as it was unfolding? Search the web for documents that chronicle the trial and discuss briefly the case for and against Galileo in the context of the times in which the trial occurred. Be sure to accurately reference your web sources! Your posting should be about 2 paragraphs long, and will necessarily need to be fairly concise. End with your opinion about whether or not a similar trial could possible occur in todays civilizations. Support your position. Galileo†¦show more content†¦Even though Galileos beliefs were held in practicing Catholicsim, his writings were showing evidence for â€Å"Copernican heliocentrism.† The Catholic Church, however, disapproved of heliocentricity, feeling that it was contrary to the statements in the Bible: if God created human beings as His supreme creation, He would place man at the center of His cosmos. (At that time the more literal Biblical interpretation was prevalent with the church fathers, especially among the Dominican Order, facilitators of the Inquisition)2 However, real power layed with the Church, and Galileos arguments were most fiercely fought on the religious level. Cardinal Robert Bellarmine insisted that Galileo furnish more adequate proof of his new theories before he would be allowed to teach them as true or even as probably true. Until the proof was put together, the ideas should only be taught as hypothesis. In 1623 Pope Gregory XV died, and Galileos close friend Maffeo Barberini became Pope Urban VIII. The new Pope gave Galileo vague permission to ignore the ban and write a book about his opinions, so long as he did not openly support his theory. Galileo consented, and set to work writing his masterpiece, â€Å"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.† Galileo gave more emphasis to mathematical arguments rather than to experimental or physical arguments inShow MoreRelatedThe Trial Of Galileo Galilei1882 Words   |  8 Pagestimes even lent evidence to support each other as being true. However, this all cha nged after the trial of Galileo Galilei in 1633. Galileo was put on trial by the Catholic Church for his heliocentric theory, which the Church declared as being contradictory to the truth of the geocentric theory as spoken by Ptolemy and the Bible. Despite the scientific observations and evidence presented by Galileo in support of the heliocentric theory, the Church struck it down because it contradicted their ownRead MoreThe Trial Of Galileo And The Catholic Church987 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Trial of Galileo, The Roman Catholic church is the largest christian church in the Western civilization .The moral aspect concerns salvation. The Catholic Church was directed by the Holy Scripture by the Church Fathers, which provided the means of eternal salvation: those don t renounce the Catholic Church of Catholicism place their souls in peril. Protestantism was an enemy Galileo had encountered but it derives the Catholic Church of converts because it deprives people from the true idea lRead MoreNicholas Copernicus : The Father Of Modern Science1728 Words   |  7 PagesGalileo Galilei, the most renowned scientist of the Renaissance period, or the â€Å"father of modern science† was known as a jack-of-all-trades: he was an astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician just to name a few. But perhaps what he is most known for is spurring the scientific revolution in the late seventeenth century. Galileo challenged what was then considered common knowledge for almost 30 years: for example, the idea of a heliocentric universe. The most controversial ofRead MoreComparison Between Foscarini And Galileo1429 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Dunham Professor Westman CAT 1 8 November 2016 Foscarini and Galileo Paper Prior to the seventeenth century, geocentrism was nearly universally accepted. The views of Aristotle and Ptolemy became common teachings in universities and the church. It had been common practice to see the Earth as the concrete and unmoving center of the universe, and the sun as but another heavenly body which rotated around the Earth. However, as technology was expanding, new inventions and devices were appearingRead MoreGeocentric Model Of The Galaxy1683 Words   |  7 Pageschastised for it. Galileo Galilei was an astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician. When Galileo published his book, The Dialogue, which regarded the positioning of the solar system, the Church believed it was less hypothetical than they expected it to be, which proved to be problematic. The clash between Galileo and the Church can be defined as the difference between Galileo’s belief in heliocentricity, the Church’s belief in geocentricity, and the trial between Galile o and the ChurchRead MoreThe Controversy over the Discoveries of Galileo Galilei Essay examples795 Words   |  4 PagesGalileo Galilei, born February 15th 1564 in the town of Pisa, a man who played a significant role in the Scientific Revolution, he was a man of many talents as he was not only an artist, astronomer and engineer he was also a philosopher, mathematician and physicist to name a few. One of his most outstanding improvements were those made to the telescope, although Galileo’s observations, made using the telescope, would be one that would arouse much attention and create a great controversy. GalileoRead MoreGalileo1113 Words   |  5 PagesGalileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was considered the central figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. His role in the history of science was a critical one. He revolutionized the way in which science was conducted, and performed experiments to test his ideas, which led him to be regarded as the father of experimental science. Galileo was born on February 15th, 1564 in Pisa, and was the oldest of seven children. His father, Vincenzo Galilei was a famous composer, lutenist, and musicRead MoreGalileo versus the Catholic Church1679 Words   |  7 Pages145). Copernicus proposed than an axis-revolving Earth circumnavigated around the heart of the universe, the Sun (Andrade, 120). Father Lorini, a Dominican friar and professor of ecclesiastical history in Florence, was among the first to criticize Galileo for his Copernican views (Linder). The Copernican theory contravened the belief of the Holy Scripture that the Earth was in the middle of the universe (Andrade, 125). Lorini used Joshua 1 0:13 and Isaiah 40:22 as support. Joshua 10:13 states that â€Å"SoRead MoreResearh of Galileo Galilei Essay573 Words   |  3 PagesResearh of Galileo Galilei The Italian physicist was born is Pisa on 15 February 1564 (see appendix B). He was the first of seven children. Galileo was educated by a tutor and his father, a nobleman and well known for musical studies. At the age of 11 he was sent to a local monastery where he, like other children of noble people studied Greek, Latin, religion and music. Following his fathers wish, he continued his education, at the age of 17 he enrolled as a student of medicine at the UniversityRead MoreGalileo Galilei And The Modern Experimental Method1445 Words   |  6 PagesGalileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. â€Å"His father, Vincenzio Galilei, was a musician whose originality and polemic talents fomented a revolution uniting practice and theory in music much as Galileo was to unite them in science.†I Galileo is credited with establishing the modern experimental method in a time when most progress made by scientists and thinkers was based on hypotheses alone. He began th e practice of testing scientific theories by preforming experiments and observing

Salt An Essential Ingredient Of Many Dishes And Snack Foods

Salt is an essential ingredient of many dishes and snack foods. While numerous people use salt to add flavoring to their food, they unknowingly add an increased risk to themselves for cardiovascular disease and hypertension. In fact, 50 million people within the United States. suffer from hypertension (Vollmer, Sacks, Svetkey, 2001). When too much salt is consumed, the capacity of blood within the body increases which sends signals to kidneys. As a result, the kidneys try and excrete as much of the salt as possible. The influence of the increased blood volume as well as the over-working of the kidneys cause elevated blood pressure to compensate for the attempts of the body to decrease salt levels (Salt and your health, Part I: The sodium connection). Chronic hypertension elicits many damaging effects on the body. Some of these negative impacts include impairment to the cells as well as linings of the arteries that can initiate the onset of atherosclerosis, increased risk of aneurysm , stroke, cardiovascular disease, transient ischemic attack, and many other physiological issues that could potentially be life threatening (Clinic Staff). Another effect of adopting a diet high in salt that induces high blood pressure is psychological impairment. Although findings on the associations between high blood pressure and psychological abnormalities are mixed, there are several studies that have found strong associations between hypertensive patients reporting more anxiety andShow MoreRelatedIndian Food1043 Words   |  5 Pages1947, thus allowing them to become the most populous democracy in the world. There are many aspects as to what makes India unique, one principle in particular is their food. Indian cooking is vivid, exquisite, and simply delicious. It depends on a wide variety of spices, herbs, and grains for its specific taste. The different types of food which India carry include basic spices, traditional foods, and tasty snacks. It is notable that India has bee n one of the world’s main dealer of spices for at leastRead MoreIs Fast Food Good Or Bad?1100 Words   |  5 PagesFast Food More than 14, 350 McDonald’s restaurants in the United States alone, and over 18, 875 KFC’s worldwide, only goes to reflect the popularity of fast food all over the world. Fast food can be defined as food that is easily and quickly prepared and is sold in restaurants and snack bars as a quick meal or to be taken out. Such food fits perfectly into the fast-paced life of a modern, working individual. Although nothing appeals more to a hard-working professional than ready-made food, itRead More Spanish Food Essay889 Words   |  4 Pageshundreds of centuries, many different civilizations have inhabited the land influencing the people there today. From the Visigoths and Celts to the Romans of the Middle Ages, Spain has received a rich history and background. One of the strongest of its cultures is the food. All of these cultures brought a particular type of food and combined and blended with the food that exists there today. Spain is very popular for olives, vineyards, and citrus fruit. Another well-liked food is garlic, includingRead MoreKorean Food Essay3278 Words   |  14 Pagestransformed throughout the years. Beginning five thousand years ago Korea has slowly evolved into a cultural haven. Music, dance, painting, food, fashion, arts, games, karate, family life, theater, religion and beliefs are just a few components that make up modern day Korean culture. Korean cuisine is one of the most unifying of all of these cultural factors. The food in Korea is one of the defining elements of Koreans culture because of its historical background, environmental affinities, long lastingRead MoreIndian Food2764 Words   |  12 PagesIndian Food The traditional food of India has been widely appreciated for its fabulous use of herbs and spices. Indian cuisine is known for its large assortment of dishes. The cooking style varies from region to region. India is quite famous for its diverse multi cuisine available in a large number of restaurants and hotel resorts, which is reminiscent of unity in diversity. The staple food in India includes wheat, rice and pulses with chana (Bengal Gram) being the most important one. To know moreRead MoreDifferences Between Italian And Italian Culture1660 Words   |  7 Pageshusband. I m sharing my impression of the two different cultures in which these two people have similarities but also a lot differently. Italian culture is pretty unique. One major aspect that defines Italian people is their food, music and fashion. For Italians people, food defines who they are and what brings to the family and friend together that what Nicholas Fiorito, the person who I interviewed stated it. Nicholas is the four generation in his family says that his grandparents immigrate toRead MoreUnit 9 How the Hospitality Industry Contributes to Healthy Lifestyles4396 Words   |  18 Pages  likable   occupation,  safe  environment,  adequate  nutrition,  physical  fitness,  absence  of  bad   habits  or  addiction,  personal  hygiene,  love  and  tenderness  and  positive  social   communication.   Carbohydrates   ââ€"  Carbohydrates  are  one  of  three  classes  of  food  called  macronutrients.   ââ€"  The  basic  unit  of  a  carbohydrate  is  a  simple  sugar,  but  these  simple  sugars  can  be   linked  together  in  infinite  ways,  and  will  have  very  different  effects  on  the  body   depending  on  their  arrangement.   ââ€"  Examples  of  carbohydrates  includeÍ ¾Ã‚  pastaRead MoreFast Foods : The Global Climate Change2262 Words   |  10 Pages1 Name Instructor Healthcare Date Fast Foods The global climate change has contributed immensely to the increased food security concerns, a situation that threatens the lives of many people on the planet. The fast foods have supplemented the agricultural products that have proven to be inadequate in feeding the fast-growing global population. The industry for these commodities has gained popularity despite increased opposition worldwide. The fast foods have been associated with convenience andRead MoreAbout Food Production7086 Words   |  29 PagesUnit: 1 Production Department – Kitchen Introduction Kitchen Planning and Design Kitchen Organization Different Section within Food Production Department ï  ¶ Hot Section, ï  ¶ Indian Kitchen ï  ¶ Bakery Section ï  ¶ Pantry or Cold Section ï  ¶ Butchery ï  ¶ Vegetable section ï  ¶ Staff Cafeteria ï  ¶ Banquet Kitchen Use of General and Specialized Equipment Hygiene and Sanitation ï  ¶ Kitchen Hygiene ï  ¶ Personal Hygiene Kitchen Safety ï  ¶ To prevent cuts ï  ¶ To prevent burns Portion Control Waste Management Analysis SectionRead MoreMalunggay4431 Words   |  18 Pagesand to come up with a conclusion of malunggay as a food production and how to utilize and to be accepted in the selected area of Dasmarinas, Cavite. Foreign Literature The Moringa tree is native to the foothills of the Himalayas. There are many other names for the Moringa in different countries. The name Moringa is most certainly derived from the name â€Å"Muringa† a Malayalam term, one of the many dialects of India. In India alone there are so many different names for it. In the Philippines it is called

The Refugee Convention for Limitations - myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Why the refugee convention be amended? 2.How and what impact will the amended refugee convention have? Answers: Introduction The United Nations Convention associated with the standing of refugees was formed in the year 1951. It is popularly referred as The Refugee Convention. It has been created to protect the rights of people who have a threat of mistreatment in their respective countries. It came into action on 22nd April 1954. The convention was formed following the events of the disastrous World War II wherein millions of people were forced to move within Europe. Hence, forced migration came into existence as a result of the dislocation. As per one of the US State Department report it has been recognized as one of the biggest inhabitant movement across the world (Berg, 2011). Initially, it was restricted to protect European refugees. However, in the year 1967, a protocol was released with a modification which removed such restriction and expanded its coverage owing to global displacement problem. The Convention clearly states who a refugee is and all the rights i.e. legal, social etc that an individual is entitled to from the countries who are a part of the convention. Any individual residing outside their base country and is reluctant to return due to rational threat of harassment on the basis of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political group is considered as a refugee (Nasr, 2016). However, the convention not only defines a refugee but also recognizes those who are not entitled for such rights like war criminals, any person who has committed some major non-political crime or any person who is found culpable of acts opposing the doctrine of the United Nation. It is the accountability of the state to safeguard an individual once he or she has been confirmed as a refugee. However, forced migrants comprises of both refugees as well as people who are forced to move within the country. Clearly, refugees are a sub category of forced migrant . The international law does not safeguard internally displaced people. Also no support is provided to them as is granted to a refugee. Millions of individuals are migrating as per the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) (Joseph, 2016). However, the number of individuals migrating within the country were almost double than refugees in the late 1990s. However, as per article 33 of the said convention, the state cannot propel refugees to go to a region where they have a risk of maltreatment excluding those who pose to be a threat to the countrys security or community. This primary principle is commonly referred as the principle of non-refoulement. Also, no penalty can be imposed on the refugees for entering and departing without consent as per Article 31 of the convention. Hence, the countries who have signed the document cannot confine their liberation of movement. Refugees have multiple of rights but at the same time are also liable in terms of the maintenance of law and order in their respective host country. Certain rights granted to refugees are the right to housing, the right to education, the right to access the courts, the right to work, the right to freedom of religion, the right to be issued identity and travel documents. However, no such rights are entitled to internally displaced people. Global security and solving cruc ial problems of refugees is the primary responsibility of United Nation High Commissioner for refugees (UNHCR). Globally, 142 countries commonly called as state parties have signed the document in agreement with both the Refugee Convention as well as its Protocol. However, United States of America is amongst the three countries which have approved to the Protocol while there are two other countries supporting the convention. Non-discrimination, non-penalisation, and non-refoulement are few of the fundamental principles governing the said Convention. The 1951 Convention specifies three durable solutions for refugees: to return to their own country voluntarily (voluntary repatriation); to integrate in the country where they find themselves (local integration); or to resettle in another country (third country resettlement) (Koser, 2015). Amongst all the countries, Australia has been foremost contributor for relocation of refugees. Its off-shore humanitarian program is widely popular and well received globally. 1. As stated above, The Refugee Convention, a 60 year old convention was established to guard basic rights of the refugees. However, in the contemporary world, due to difference in the dynamics of forced migration, the convention faces some major problems which need to be rectified. Hence, it should be amended. One of the major problems is that it is an age old convention and todays scenario is entirely different from what it used to be. Firstly, there is major flaw in the definition of refugee as far as the model of forced migration is concerned. A refugee has a risk of harassment due to political and civil reasons from their own country. However, in todays world, monetary adversity and hostility are the major causes for refugee dislocation. So the large number of refugees in the 21st century does not comply with the above explained definition and the Convention stands archaic. The reunion has encouraged classification of refuge seekers as either opinionated and thus 'genuine' and l awful and commendable, or economic and thus rude and dishonest and unworthy. Another set of drawback of the said convention includes lack of support to refugees till the time they reach their host country. Also, the countries have no compulsion of not maltreating their own citizens and there is no requisite of load distribution between states. Irregular distribution of resources is another setback of the convention. There has also been rapid increase in people smuggling which makes forced migrant more helpless. Along the Mediterranean Sea route alone, some analysts estimate that smugglers extracted up to $US1 billion from migrants during the record high year of 2014. (Koser, 2015) An individual is considered as an asylum-seeker till the time he or she has been approved as a refugee (Cole, 2015). There are several issues as far as asylum channel is concerned as they promote uneven relocation and is mostly associated with corruption. The said convention does not take into account key issues in terms of political, monetary and communal factors that affect the host country with regards to huge numbers of asylum seekers. Also, it does not give preference to those in utmost need but to those who has the capacity to pay. Moving forward, there is great discrepancy on what is being spent and what is being accorded to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for sustaining the asylum seeker (Millbank, 2000). Presently, large number of individuals who are displaced within the country are beyond UNHCRs authorization which is a major challenge for the forced migrant. The convention is considered remnant of cold war. It operated smoothly till the end of the Cold War, but did not premeditate todays global resettlement. In Europe, official foreign workers have always been less than the asylum seekers since the year 1985. Further, conflict between understanding and relevance of the convention is the other key problem. Germany, Britain, Switzerland and the Netherlands are the four countries in Europe which accounts for majority of asylum seekers who migrates in the said countries owing to wide array of factors such as service opportunities, closeness, liberality of safety systems etc. There is no intention of load sharing. The majority of asylum seekers do not meet the refugee criteria due to its unclear definition, they are normally granted momentary inhabitant status. The whole procedure of refugee status determination is expensive. In Western countries, asylum system works as a resettlement guide. The convention entitles any individual to apply for refugee status and enter the country. Receiving states have to undergo the whole status determination process despite of the fact that most of the applications are foul which in turn takes a lot of time, due to which asylum seekers arrange their way out i n the host country and it becomes difficult to remove them even if they have failed to meet the said criterion. The absence of substantive official requisite power of the UNHCR and UN documentation in general is a well documented one, but gradually seems to be a matter of particular concern given the compassionate crisis being faced on actual basis. Moreover, the Convention has adopted the concept of exile to protect refugees. In todays era, the ideology of the global community has been reformed completely. Hence, exile is not a suitable resolution to refugee problems. There is no restriction in the number of people who can apply for the said status and the receiving states are under the obligation to provide complete legal support to them. Moreover, the amount spent on the asylum seeker is way higher than what is actually spent to meet the demands of deserving refugees. Gender based indiscrimination is also a drawback of the said convention. Also, public in the host country do not sympathize with the asylum seeker in the same way as they do with the apparent refugee. 2. Although, UNHCR who is considered as a sentinel of the Refugee Convention is constantly adapting to cope up with the altering conditions related to forced migration. It is clearly evident from the above drawbacks that amendment of the Refugee Convention is highly recommended. Nowadays, inhabitant expansion, food and energy constraint, urbanization, ecological degradation are some of the major causes of forced migration. The concept of refugee should be redefined so that it includes recent displacements as it considers only 5 grounds. The Norwegian Refugee Council released a report revealing that32.4 million people were forced to flee their homes in 2012on account of natural disasters, such as floods, storms and earthquakes (McAdam, 2013). A large number of individuals are internally displaced because of such calamities with few opting for international migration. Protection of such people is not covered in the Convention. Hence, efficient steps should be taken such as before time caution system for calamities, vigilant city development etc which will reduce international migration. Also, citizenship of both the countries should be granted to these forced migrant. Australia supports enhanced regional security system which helps in the reduction of number of people crossing the border. Further, UNHCR should alter the system of safeguarding and support to bring out the changes in work and site of refugee flows. Identification of the actual reasons of forced migration is required for the protection of their rights. Continuous advancement of global guiding values should be done for forcibly displaced people. Avoiding the situations that trigger forced migration is the best way of protection (Zetter, 2014). Keeping in mind the current trend of globalization, more countries should become a part of the updated convention. Further, extra consideration should not be on the people but on the groups and stipulation of civilized support. Thus, this particular change will make the countries liable for dislocation. This would in turn make the states accountable to support the countries of primary asylum. One of the major drawbacks of the convention which is the growing numbers of people smuggling can be overcome by plummeting the requirement for long distance asylum seekers. An efficient and well-organized approach is required to guard and support individuals who are internally displaced which will rei nforce the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Mandatory detention of asylum seekerswas introducedin Australia in 1992 as an enforcement arm of new universal visa and regulated entry requirements (Birrell Millbank, 2011). This particular step provided a way of segregating the prohibited and authorized foreign national. However, it was not well accepted. Australia possibly will leave from the said convention. This way country can widen and amend clauses related to on-shore asylum seekers who are big trouble in the present time. Further, supplementary efficient immigration program are needed to exhibit load distribution with greatly impacted countries. Lastly, protection should apply to all individuals with similar needs, regardless of the cause of displacement (Betts, 2014). Conclusion At the end, we conclude that undoubtedly The 1951 Refugee Convention provides authorized structure for the worldwide protection of refugees. However, due to globalization, it faces immense pressure. One of the key issues of the 21st century is immigration. Hence, the age old convention should be updated consistently to overcome forced migration challenges that are on a rise. References: Berg, C., (2011), Why cling on to an outdated refugee convention? Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-19/berg-why-are-we-clinging-to-an-outdated-refugee-convention/3577538 / (Accessed 06th September 2017) Nasr, L., (2016), International Refugee Law: Definitions and Limitations of the 1951 Refugee Convention Available at https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2016/02/08/international-refugee-law-definitions-and-limitations-of-the-1951-refugee-convention/ (Accessed 06th September 2017 ) Joseph, O.A., (2016), Forced Migration and Climate Change: How it Challenges the 1951 Refugee Convention- Refugee Aware Available at https://refugeeaware.org.uk/forced-migration-and-climate-change-how-it-challenges-the-1951-refugee-convention/ (Accessed 06th September 2017) Cole, P., (2015), Whats Wrong with the Refugee Convention Available at https://www.e-ir.info/2015/11/06/whats-wrong-with-the-refugee-convention/ (Accessed 06th September 2017) Millbank, A., (2000), The Problem with the 1951 Refugee Convention Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0001/01RP05 (Accessed 05th September 2017) Zetter, R., (2014), Protecting Forced Migrants Available at https://www.ekm.admin.ch/content/dam/data/ekm/dokumentation/materialien/mat_schutz_e.pdf (Accessed 06th September 2017) Koser, K., (2015), AUSTRALIA AND THE 1951 REFUGEE CONVENTION Available at https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/australia-and-1951-refugee-convention (Accessed 06th September 2017) McAdam, J., (2013), What to do about climate migration Available at https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/what-do-about-climate-migration (Accessed 05th September 2017) Birrell, B. Millbank, A.,(2011), Why Australia should abandon the Refugee Convention Available at https://theconversation.com/why-australia-should-abandon-the-refugee-convention-4003 (Accessed 05th September 2017) Betts, A., (2013), Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement Available at file:///C:/Users/hp/Downloads/1662807_1533179452_Betts%20(3).pdf (Accessed 05th September 2017)